Cardiovascular physiology Totally Explained

Everything about Cardiovascular Physiology totally explained

Cardiovascular physiology is the study of the circulatory system. More specifically, it addresses the physiology of the heart ("cardio") and blood vessels ("vascular"). These subjects are sometimes addressed separately, under the names cardiac physiology and circulatory physiology.
Although the different aspects of cardiovascular physiology are closely interrelated, the subject is still usually divided into several subtopics.

Heart

ť See Heart#Physiology for more details

Cardiac output (= heart rate * stroke volume. Can also be calculated with Fick principle.)
- Stroke volume (= end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume)
- Ejection fraction (= stroke volume / end-diastolic volume)
- ((Cardiac Output)) is mathematically ` to ((Systole))

Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic states

Cardiac input (= heart rate * suction volume Can be calculated by inverting terms in Fick principle

Suction volume (= end-systolic volume + end-diastolic volume)

Injection Fraction (=suction volume / end-systolic volume)

Cardiac Input is mathematically ` to (Diastole))

Electrical conduction system of the heart

Frank-Starling law of the heart

Wiggers diagram

Pressure volume diagram

Blood vessels

ť See Blood vessel#Physiology for more details

Compliance

Microcirculation

Starling equation

Fick's law of diffusion

Poiseuille's law

Skeletal-muscle pump

Regulation of blood pressure

Baroreceptor

Baroreflex

Renin-angiotensin system

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Aortic body and carotid body

Autoregulation

Hemodynamics

Under most circumstances, the body attempts to maintain a steady mean arterial pressure.
When there's a major and immediate decrease (such as that due to hemorrhage or standing up), the body can increase the following:

Heart rate

Total peripheral resistance (primarily due to vasoconstriction of arteries)

Inotropic state In turn, this can have a significant impact upon several other variables:

Stroke volume

Cardiac output

Pressure

Pulse pressure (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)
Mean arterial pressure (usually approximated with diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure)
Central venous pressure

Regional circulation

Name of circulation	% of cardiac output	Autoregulation	Perfusion	Comments
pulmonary circulation	100% (deoxygenated)			Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia
cerebral circulation	15%	high	under-perfused	Fixed volume means intolerance of high pressure. Minimal ability to use anaerobic respiration
coronary circulation	5%	high	under-perfused	Minimal ability to use anaerobic respiration. Blood flow through the left coronary artery is at a maximum during diastole (in contrast to the rest of systemic circulation, which has a maximum blood flow during systole.)
splanchnic circulation	15%	low		Flow increases during digestion.
hepatic circulation	15%			Part of portal venous system, so oncotic pressure is very low
renal circulation	25%	high	over-perfused	Maintains glomerular filtration rate
skeletal muscular circulation	17%			Perfusion increases dramatically during exercise.
cutaneous circulation	2%		over-perfused	Crucial in thermoregulation. Significant ability to use anaerobic respiration

Further Information

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